Albert Luthuli
Albert Luthuli was a Zulu chief, ANC president and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who gave moral and organisational leadership to mass resistance in the 1950s.
People
Robert Sobukwe
Robert Sobukwe founded the Pan Africanist Congress and led the anti-pass campaign that culminated in the Sharpeville crisis of 1960.
Steve Biko
Steve Biko was the leading thinker of Black Consciousness, arguing that psychological liberation and independent Black organisation were essential to defeating apartheid.
Oliver Tambo
Oliver Tambo sustained the African National Congress through three decades of exile and built the international coalition that helped isolate apartheid.
Julius Nyerere
Julius Nyerere led Tanganyika to independence, forged the union that created Tanzania and became one of Africa’s most influential advocates of liberation and African socialism.
Jomo Kenyatta
Jomo Kenyatta moved from cultural advocacy and anti-colonial politics to become independent Kenya’s first prime minister and president.
Mkwawa
Chief Mkwawa built a strong Hehe polity and led one of the most sustained military resistances to German conquest in East Africa.
Koitalel Arap Samoei
Koitalel Arap Samoei was the Nandi Orkoiyot who coordinated a decade of resistance to British intrusion and railway construction in western Kenya.
Kagubi
Kagubi was a mhondoro spirit medium and political leader associated with the First Chimurenga against British South Africa Company rule in 1896–1897.
Bai Bureh
Bai Bureh was a Temne and Loko war leader who became the best-known commander of Sierra Leone’s 1898 resistance to British colonial taxation and political control.
